Human papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the main causes of cervical cancer. According to the World Health Organization, almost all cases of cervical cancer are caused by HPV infections. While cervical cancer is the most common cancer linked to HPV, the virus is also connected to several other types of cancer.
Understanding HPV
HPV is a common sexually transmitted infection. It can affect your skin, genital area, anal area, and throat. In many cases, the body’s immune system clears HPV on its own. However, some infections do not go away. These long-lasting infections can cause changes in cells that may lead to cancer.
How HPV can lead to cervical cancer
When HPV infects the cervix and stays in the body for a long time, it can cause abnormal cell changes called precancerous lesions. If these changes are not found and treated, they can develop cervical cancer.
How can the HPV vaccine help?
HPV infections cannot be treated once they occur, but they can be prevented with vaccination. The American Cancer Society reports that the HPV vaccine provides nearly complete protection against the HPV types responsible for about 90% of HPV-related cancers.
The importance of early vaccination
The HPV vaccine works best when it is given before someone is exposed to the virus
The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends starting the vaccine between ages 9 and 14.
- Children who start the vaccine between ages 9–14 usually need two doses, given six months apart.
- People who start the vaccine at age 15 or older need three doses over six months.
Your healthcare provider can help determine the best vaccination schedule based on your age and health history.
Combine vaccination with screening
The HPV vaccine greatly lowers the risk of cervical cancer, but regular screening is still important.
The World Health Organization recommends that most women begin cervical cancer screening at age 30 and repeat screening every 5–10 years. Women living with HIV should start screening at age 25 and repeat it every 3–5 years.
Call to action
Cervical cancer is one of the most preventable cancers. Vaccination and regular screening can protect your health.
If your child is 9 years old or older, talk to their doctor about the HPV vaccine. You can schedule a vaccination visit or ask about it during your child’s next annual checkup.
Resources
- World Health Organization. (2025, December 2). Cervical cancer. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cervical-cancer
- American Academy of Pediatrics. (n.d.). Red Book resources. https://publications.aap.org/redbook/resources/15585
- American Cancer Society. (n.d.). HPV (human papillomavirus). https://www.cancer.org/cancer/risk-prevention/hpv.html